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November 2009

Volume 1, Issue 6, partial issue

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Wearable electronics self-powered by using human body heat: The state of the art and the perspective

Vladimir Leonov
and Ruud Vullers

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 062701 (2009) (14 pages)

Online Publication Date: 6 November 2009

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In this paper, we present our vision of what kind of wearable devices and how they can be powered by the heat of human beings and by using ambient light. The basic principles of designing body-powered devices and ways of their hybridizing with photovoltaic cells are discussed. The mechanisms of thermoregulation in humans and the laws of thermodynamics enable placing a distinct boarder between realistic targets and the science fiction. These allow prediction of application areas for wearable energy harvesters accounting for competitive batteries with long service life. The existing family of body-powered wearable devices and new technologies for thermopiles are discussed. The theory and practice point at the necessity of using microelectronic and microelectromechanical system technologies for the target application area. These technologies for thermopiles offer the possibility of reduced production cost. Therefore, autonomous systems powered thermoelectrically could be successfully marketed. The related aspects of design and fabrication are discussed.
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84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion
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Design an immobilized lipase enzyme for biodiesel production

Kenthorai Jegannathan ,
Leong Jun-Yee ,
Eng-Seng Chan ,
and Pogaku Ravindra

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 063101 (2009) (8 pages)

Online Publication Date: 5 November 2009

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In this study, an eco-friendly immobilized lipase was designed for biodiesel production process. Lipase enzyme was encapsulated in κ-carrageenan by coextrusion technique. The various parameters, such as catalytic activity, stability, reusability, shape, and size of the encapsulated lipase, were studied to design an immobilized lipase for biodiesel production. Transesterification of palm oil with methanol was used for biodiesel production. At the optimum conditions, the results were found to be quite promising, converting the raw material near to 100% biodiesel production. This attempt was found to be very effective and eco-friendly with the environmentally benign novel technique.
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89.20.Bb Industrial and technological research and development
89.40.-a Transportation
88.20.fg Methanol
88.20.fk Biodiesel

Energy recovery from sugarcane biomass residues: Challenges and opportunities of bio-oil production in the light of second generation biofuels

W. Alonso-Pippo ,
Carlos Luengo ,
F. Felfli ,
Pietro Garzone ,
and Giacinto Cornacchia

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 063102 (2009) (15 pages)

Online Publication Date: 6 November 2009

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The lack of an alternative energy carrier to electricity with storage capability for use in off-season has to date been an unsolvable question for the sugar agroindustry. The improvement in cogeneration capacity via implementation of condensing extraction steam turbines or biomass integrated gasifier/gas turbine combined cycle and the barriers for their implementation were analyzed. The introduction of a fast pyrolysis (3 tons/h) module (FPM3) as a solution for off-season energy demand in the sugarcane agroindustry was also analyzed. The production cost of 1 ton of bio-oil for FPM3 condition was calculated at 87 USD/ton of bio-oil (0.104 USD/l of bio-oil). The economic feasibility of the FPM3 was estimated, comparing the added values for two alternatives: first alternative regarding the sugar and bioethanol simultaneous production (first generation biofuel production) and second alternative regarding the sugar and bio-oil simultaneous production (second generation biofuel production). Although the highest added value figure for a ton of sugarcane (49.30 USD) was gotten by the second alternative, the bioethanol production for cars fuel continues to be most attractive business option because of large fuel ethanol market demand.
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88.20.F- Renewable alternative fuels from biomass energy
89.20.Kk Engineering
88.20.T- Markets for renewable alternative fuels

Feasibility of creation of ceramic disk laser pumped by concentrated solar flux of big solar furnace

S. Bakhramov ,
Sh. Payziyev ,
and A. Kasimov

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 063103 (2009) (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 12 November 2009

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The feasibility of creation of a powerful ceramic Nd:Cr:YAG (YAG denotes yttrium aluminum garnet) disk laser, pumped by the concentrated solar flux of 1 MW big solar furnace, is considered. A new design for highly doped ceramic Nd:Cr:YAG disk laser is proposed and a conversion efficiency of 25% is predicted.
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42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
07.20.Hy Furnaces; heaters
42.79.Ek Solar collectors and concentrators

O A lower bound estimate of the gains stemming from quiescent period predictive control using conventional sea state statistics

M. Belmont

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 063104 (2009) (8 pages)

Online Publication Date: 20 November 2009

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The principle of quiescent period prediction control (QPPC) is introduced in the context of sea wave energy capture (WEC) devices. The QPPC strategy is compared to approaches using statistical wave parameters for adaptive control of WECs and is shown to offer considerable increases in the average power captured. Assessing the quantitative benefits of QPPC would normally be based on wave by wave sea surface elevation data. Such data are not typically available from commercial wave sensors, and hence the present work describes a technique for assessing a lower bound estimate to QPPC benefits using conventional statistical sea state parameters. A case study is presented for a site off Southern Ireland where over a 12 month period QPPC can deliver more than 100% increase in the average power captured.
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88.60.nf Energy from ocean waves
02.50.-r Probability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics
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