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1 Mar 2009

Volume 1, Issue 2, Articles (02xxxx)

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Editorial: A new editorial board for the journal

P. Craig Taylor and John A. Turner

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 020401 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3111432 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 20 March 2009

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Abstract Unavailable
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84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion
85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
01.30.Ww Editorials
88.00.00 Renewable energy resources and applications
81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy
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Solar and wind energy potential in GCC countries and some related projects

W. E. Alnaser and N. W. Alnaser

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 022301 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3076058 (28 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 8 April 2009

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The paper highlights the solar and wind energy potentials in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. The potential projects in each GCC country are also highlighted herein. We are expecting that the amount of new solar and wind electricity by 2015 in these countries may reach 5000 MW distributed as follows: 1000 MW in Bahrain, Qatar, 3500 MW solar electricity, UAE: 400 MW, and Kuwait and Oman: few MW. The paper also proposes a mechanism to accelerate the renewable energy utility in these countries.
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42.79.Ek Solar collectors and concentrators
84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion
88.05.-b Energy analysis
88.40.-j Solar energy
88.50.-k Wind energy
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Visible light photocatalytic properties of polymorphic brookite titania

Burtrand I. Lee, Sujaree Kaewgun, Wooyul Kim, Wonyong Choi, Jae S. Lee, and Eunsun Kim

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 023101 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3096606 (7 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 20 March 2009

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Visible light (VL) active titania was prepared via ambient condition sol process. The particles precipitated from titanium tetrachloride solution followed by lattice dehydroxylation using hot N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) yielded a mixed crystal phase of brookite titania with anatase as the minor phase. The mixed phase titania exhibited superior photocatalytic activities for an organic dye and hydrogen evolution from an aqueous solution under 14 W VL as compared with several other available reference titanias. The superior VL photocatalytic activity may be explained as the effective charge separation by the intercrystalline electron transport from brookite to anatase grains complemented by the strong VL absorption by the nitrogen species in NMP. The probable electron transport mechanism is illustrated.
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82.50.Hp Processes caused by visible and UV light
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces
81.16.Be Chemical synthesis methods
81.07.Wx Nanopowders
82.70.Gg Gels and sols
73.63.Bd Nanocrystalline materials
88.30.E- Hydrogen production with renewable energy

Spinel LiMn2−xNixO4 cathode materials for high energy density lithium ion rechargeable batteries

Rahul Singhal, Jose J. Saavedra-Aries, Rajesh Katiyar, Yasuyuki Ishikawa, Marius J. Vilkas, Suprem R. Das, Maharaj S. Tomar, and Ram. S. Katiyar

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 023102 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3103483 (11 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 27 March 2009

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The practical limitations of fully lithium ion insertion and extraction into LiMn2O4 cathode structure without any structural instability make it unsuitable in commercial Li-ion rechargeable batteries. In this work, we showed that those partially substituted by Ni, i.e., LiMn2−xNixO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5), prepared by sol-gel technique, could be used as a potential candidate for high energy density and high voltage Li-ion battery applications with superior rate capabilities. The improved structural stability of the cathode was probed by x-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The density-functional theoretical calculations were employed to identify the minimum energy needed for Li+ diffusion pathway and activation energy in the spinel framework with different Ni ion concentrations. Our results showed significant enhancement in the properties with 25 at. % of Ni solid-solution doping in LiMn2O4 host and the experimental results are in line with the theoretical computations.
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82.47.Aa Lithium-ion batteries
82.45.Fk Electrodes
66.30.H- Self-diffusion and ionic conduction in nonmetals
71.20.Ps Other inorganic compounds

Effect of nanocrystallinity on the electrochemical performance of LiMn2O4 cathode

Rahul Singhal, Oscar Resto, and Ram S. Katiyar

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 023103 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3106302 (7 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 27 March 2009

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In the present work, we have synthesized nanocrystalline LiMn2O4 of different grain sizes, for application to Li ion rechargeable batteries. LiMn2O4 cathode powder was synthesized by sol-gel method and was high-energy ball milled for 8 and 16 h, respectively. The particle sizes of pure, 8 h, and 16 h ball-milled samples were determined from TEM and measured as ∼ 225, 40, and 10 nm, respectively. The initial discharge capacity of the pure LiMn2O4 cathode material was found to be about 128.75 mAh/g, which was found to decrease on reducing the particle size.
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82.47.Aa Lithium-ion batteries
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
81.10.Dn Growth from solutions
81.10.Fq Growth from melts; zone melting and refining
81.15.Lm Liquid phase epitaxy; deposition from liquid phases (melts, solutions, and surface layers on liquids)
82.45.Fk Electrodes
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
81.40.Rs Electrical and magnetic properties related to treatment conditions

Seebeck coefficient and thermal conductivity in doped C60

Wendong Wang, Zhenjun Wang, Jinke Tang, Shizhong Yang, Hua Jin, Guang-Lin Zhao, and Qiang Li

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 023104 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3106303 (8 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 27 March 2009

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Pressed bulk samples of C60 doped with P, Co, Al, and Bi have been investigated for their thermoelectric properties. These samples show extremely low thermal conductivity, typically in the range of 0.1–0.3 W/Km at room temperature. The Seebeck coefficients of Co, Al, and Bi doped C60 solids are in the tens of μV/K; however, for P doped C60 samples, a very large Seebeck coefficient in the order of 103 μV/K was observed. The value of the Seebeck coefficient seems to depend sensitively on the P concentration and changes sign upon annealing at 100 °C. Ab initio density functional theory calculations show that the calculated electronic structures and the activation energies strongly depend on the dopants in C60 solids. The high Seebeck coefficient in studied P doped C60 is due to the system’s unique dopant and concentration.
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72.20.Pa Thermoelectric and thermomagnetic effects
66.70.-f Nonelectronic thermal conduction and heat-pulse propagation in solids; thermal waves
61.72.up Other materials
72.80.Rj Fullerenes and related materials
81.40.Rs Electrical and magnetic properties related to treatment conditions

Performance comparison between planar and tubular-shaped ambient air-breathing polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells using three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics models

Maher A. R. Sadiq Al-Baghdadi

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 023105 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3114443 (15 pages)

Online Publication Date: 6 April 2009

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The development of physically representative models that allow reliable simulation of the processes under realistic conditions is essential to the development and optimization of fuel cells, the introduction of cheaper materials and fabrication techniques, and the design and development of novel architectures. Full three-dimensional, multiphase, nonisothermal computational fluid dynamics models of planar and novel tubular-shaped air-breathing polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell have been developed. These comprehensive models account for the major transport phenomena in planar and tubular-shaped air-breathing PEM fuel cell: convective and diffusive heat and mass transfer, electrode kinetics, transport and phase-change mechanism of water, and potential fields. The models are shown to understand the many interacting, complex electrochemical, and transport phenomena that cannot be studied experimentally. Fully three-dimensional results of the species profiles, temperature distribution, potential distribution, and local current density distribution are presented and analyzed with a focus on the physical insight and fundamental understanding for the planar and the novel tubular geometry of air-breathing PEM fuel cells.
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82.47.Gh Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells
82.47.Nj Polymer-electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC)
82.45.Fk Electrodes
47.11.-j Computational methods in fluid dynamics
88.30.gg Design and simulation
88.30.pd Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEM)

Properties and performance of cotton seed oil–diesel blends as a fuel for compression ignition engines

B. Murali Krishna and J. M. Mallikarjuna

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 023106 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3117342 (10 pages)

Online Publication Date: 16 April 2009

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This paper presents the evaluation of properties of straight vegetable cotton seed oil (CSO) and its blends with diesel fuel in various proportions to evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine at constant speed of 1500 rev/min. Diesel and CSO oil fuel blends (10%, 30%, 50%, and 70%) were used to conduct engine performance and smoke emission tests at varying loads of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of full load in addition to their straight CSO and diesel fuel. The performance parameters of brake specific energy consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), mechanical efficiency (ME), exhaust gas temperature (EGT), and exhaust emission (smoke) were evaluated to find the optimum CSO and diesel fuel blend. From the experimental results, the CSO10D90 blend fuel showed 3.7% reduction in BSFC, 1.7% increase in BTE, 6.7% increase in ME, and 21.7% reduction in the smoke emissions in comparison with conventional diesel operated engine. Finally, it is concluded that CSO10D90 can be used straight away in CI engines without any major modifications to the engine as it showed good performance and improved emission compared to all other fuels tested for the entire range of engine operation in comparison with diesel.
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89.20.Kk Engineering
88.85.mn Fuel blends
88.05.Xj Energy use in transportation
89.40.Bb Land transportation

Dispersion of CdX(X = Se,Te) nanoparticles in P3HT conjugated polymer

Deepak Verma and V. Dutta

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 023107 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3101815 (9 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 16 April 2009

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Hybrid absorber layers of P3HT having surfactant free CdTe and CdSe nanoparticles dispersed in it were deposited using spin coating technique. 1HNMR spectra confirmed the chemical interaction between the P3HT and the nanoparticles, which differs for the two nanoparticles. Optical absorbance extended from 350 nm to near IR region for higher concentrations of the nanoparticles and the effect of charge transfer complex (CTC) were also seen. Photoluminence measurements on the hybrid films confirmed the photo-induced charge transfer between the polymer and nanoparticles. The difference in the properties of hybrid P3HT films shows the role of nanoparticles dispersion.
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78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)
73.63.Bd Nanocrystalline materials
78.40.-q Absorption and reflection spectra: visible and ultraviolet
78.55.-m Photoluminescence, properties and materials

Nanoparticulate AlO(OH)n filled polyvinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene based microporous membranes for lithium ion batteries

Vanchiappan Aravindan and Palanisamy Vickraman

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 023108 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3122671 (11 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 20 April 2009

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This paper presents the nanosized AlO(OH)n incorporated microporous membranes by phase inversion technique, for the first time, using polyvinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene as a host matrix. The transport properties of the membranes were studied and analyzed by various techniques, namely, alternating current impedance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectra, differential scanning calorimetry, tensile strength, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope. Further, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area measurements, percentage of crystallinity, electrolyte uptake, porosity, activation energy, and MacMullin number were also calculated for these microporous membranes.
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81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
82.45.Mp Thin layers, films, monolayers, membranes
78.67.-n Optical properties of low-dimensional, mesoscopic, and nanoscale materials and structures
82.35.Rs Polyelectrolytes
82.47.Aa Lithium-ion batteries
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
82.45.Yz Nanostructured materials in electrochemistry
66.30.H- Self-diffusion and ionic conduction in nonmetals

Determination and comparison of kinetic parameters of low density biomass fuels

P. Kalita, G. Mohan, G. Pradeep Kumar, and P. Mahanta

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 023109 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3126936 (12 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 30 April 2009

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Biomass has great potential as a clean, renewable feedstock for producing modern energy carriers. Low density biomass, such as rice husk, sawdust, bamboo dust, etc., can provide a continuous supply of liquid and gaseous fuels through thermochemical conversion processes. In the present study, kinetics of the thermal decomposition of three biomasses such as rice husk, sawdust, and bamboo dust were evaluated under air atmosphere from ambient temperature to 1000 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C min−1. Two distinct reaction zones were observed for all the three biomasses. From the thermogravimetric (TG) and differential TG curves, the activation energies, pre-exponential factors, and order of reaction were determined for both the reaction zones. Experimental results were validated numerically and these results are found to be very close to the numerical results. As observed, thermal decomposition rates in the first reaction zone were found to be significantly higher than those in the second reaction zone.
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81.70.Pg Thermal analysis, differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential thermogravimetric analysis
88.20.F- Renewable alternative fuels from biomass energy
88.20.dj Agriculture/forestry residues
88.20.J- Biomass conversion methods
82.30.Lp Decomposition reactions (pyrolysis, dissociation, and fragmentation)
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