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1 Jul 2009

Volume 1, Issue 4, Articles (04xxxx)

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Wind energy in India: Status and future prospects

Ishan Purohit and Pallav Purohit

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 042701 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3156003 (19 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 8 July 2009

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Wind energy, with an average growth rate of 30%, is the fastest growing source of renewable energy in the world. India occupies the fifth place in the world in wind energy generation after USA, Germany, Spain, and China and has an installed capacity of more than 9756 MW as of January 31, 2009. New technological developments in wind energy design have contributed to the significant advances in wind energy penetration and to get optimum power from available wind. In this study, an attempt has been made to analyze and review the development and dissemination of wind energy in India. The diffusion prospect of wind energy generation in the potential states of India is also analyzed.
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88.50.-k Wind energy
88.05.-b Energy analysis
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Optimum sizing of air heating collectors

M. S. Söylemez

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 043101 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3166862 (7 pages)

Online Publication Date: 1 July 2009

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A thermoeconomic feasibility analysis is presented yielding a simple algebraic optimization formula for estimating the optimum length of a typical air heating collector per unit depth. A simple economic optimization method is used in the present study by combining it with an integrated overall heat balance method for calculating maximum savings from the solar air heating. An optimum collector length was detected as a result of the present work. The number of payback years and critical length of an air heating collector were also determined by using the present optimization method.
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89.65.Gh Economics; econophysics, financial markets, business and management
88.40.fc Modeling and analysis
88.40.me Solar heating and cooling systems
88.05.Lg Economic issues; sustainability; cost trends

Investigation into polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell characteristics using four-layer electrode catalyst

Masahiro Ide and Hironosuke Ikeda

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 043102 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3167284 (11 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 1 July 2009

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The use of auxiliary power and the cost of using main power decrease when the reactive gas is applied at low humidity for the operation of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. The electrolyte membrane and the three-phase boundary of the electrode need to be improved to maintain this low humidity. We carried out a study of the electrode catalyst at low humidity in order to improve the cathode catalyst. Carbon support with a catalyst and fluorocarbon resin were mixed and then were treated at the melting temperature of fluorocarbon resin to fabricate the cathode-electrode catalyst layer. The transmission electron microscopy images of this electrode catalyst revealed that the surfaces of the catalyst particle and the carbon support were partly coated with a thin film of melted fluorocarbon resin. Ionomer electrolyte material was added to this electrode catalyst, and an electrode catalyst with a four-layer structure was fabricated. The durability of this four-layer electrode catalyst being operated at low humidity (42% relative humidity on the anode and the cathode) was evaluated by using a cell that contained the catalyst. The results demonstrated that the rate of deterioration was smaller than that of a conventional three-layer electrode catalyst. In addition, the load change test to assess the durability of the cell (current range between 75 and 600 mA cm−2) produced good results.
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82.47.Nj Polymer-electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC)
82.45.Fk Electrodes
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces
82.45.Gj Electrolytes
88.30.pd Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEM)
88.30.M- Fuel cell component materials
82.45.Jn Surface structure, reactivity and catalysis

Decentralized energy planning through a case study of a typical village in India

R. B. Hiremath, Bimlesh Kumar, P. Deepak, P. Balachandra, N. H. Ravindranath, and B. N. Raghunandan

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 043103 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3167282 (24 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 8 July 2009

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Decentralizedenergy planning (DEP) is in the interest of efficient utilization of resources. DEP is one of the options to meet the rural and small scale energy needs in a reliable, affordable, and environmentally sustainable way. The main aspect of the energy planning at the decentralized level would be to prepare an area-based DEP to meet energy needs and development of alternate energy sources at least cost to the economy and environment. The geographical coverage and scale reflect the level at which the analysis takes place, which is an important factor in determining the structure of models. DEP planning involves multiple objectives and different kinds of constraints. The present work presents the methodology for the DEP. The kinds of objective functions and constraints which have to be included in the DEP have been presented in the present work. Decentralized planning involves scaling down energy planning to subnational or regional scales. Energy planning at the village level is the lowest level of the application of decentralized planning principle and district is the uppermost level. The present work for the analysis of DEP at the village level has considered different scenarios. Conflicting objectives are considered in the implementation of DEP at the village level. This implementation has been shown through a case study done in a village named Ungra in the Tumkur district from the Karnataka state in India. DEP is assessed with the help of field studies, available data, and decentralized energy modeling. Through DEP energy demand at 2020 has been presented for the Ungra village.
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89.30.-g Fossil fuels and nuclear power
88.05.Jk Policy issues; resource assessment
89.65.-s Social and economic systems

A robust control algorithm based high voltage direct current system connected to a weak ac grid

Vinod Kumar, R. C. Bansal, and R. R. Joshi

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 043104 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3170923 (11 pages)

Online Publication Date: 9 July 2009

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During various faults in a high voltage direct current (HVDC) system, the voltage gets reduced, which in turn results into commutation failure, which can deteriorate the availability of HVDC links and thus affect the performance of the power system. In this paper, efforts are made to ride through these faults and so to lower the effect of commutation failure on the power system, and the remedy is implemented by using a robust control algorithm which utilizes a new space vector modulation-based strategy. The validity and effectiveness of the control algorithm are verified by PSCAD/EMTDC-based simulation which shows that with the proposed control, the system can operate steadily, has the capability to restore steady state condition when short-circuit fault occurs, and is feasible technically and obvious in advantages.
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84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology: power systems; power transmission lines and cables
89.30.-g Fossil fuels and nuclear power
07.05.Dz Control systems

Solar and wind energy resources and prediction

Quanhua Liu, Qinxian Miao, Jue J. Liu, and Wenli Yang

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 043105 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3168403 (12 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 15 July 2009

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Energy and environmental issues are among the most important problems of public concern. There are increasing debates about whether to resort to drilling more oil and mining more coal or to using renewable, sustainable, and clean resources such as solar and wind energies. Through our analyses and modeling on the basis of the National Center for Environment Prediction data, we confirm that the amount of usable solar and wind energies far exceeds the world’s total energy demand, with technology feasibility being considered. We also investigated the accuracy of forecasting solar and wind energies. Forecasting is important for scheduling applications and storage of solar and wind energies. A realistic approach to maintaining uninterrupted solar-generated electricity at night and during cloudy days would be to store solar energy as heat for use on demand. It is also interesting for people to know how much solar and wind energies are available from their own house roofs and backyards. Using the advanced Google map technique, we have developed a web-based tool with which anyone can find solar and wind energy amounts at any location in the world. The tool is available at www.renewableenergyst.org. The website also provides much additional renewable energy information which is useful to a wide range of audiences, including students, educators, and the general public.
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89.30.-g Fossil fuels and nuclear power
89.60.-k Environmental studies
88.40.-j Solar energy
88.50.-k Wind energy
88.05.-b Energy analysis

A review of solar water heating systems

N. V. Ogueke, E. E. Anyanwu, and O. V. Ekechukwu

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 043106 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3167285 (21 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 17 July 2009

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A review of solar water heating systems for domestic and industrial applications is presented. They are grouped into two broad categories as passive and active solar water heating systems. Each of them operates in either direct or indirect mode. Their performances, uses and applications, and factors considered for their selection are reported. The active systems generally have higher efficiencies, their values being 35%–80% higher than those of the passive systems. They are more complex and expensive. Accordingly, they are most suited for industrial applications where the load demand is quite high or in applications where the collector and service water storage tank need not be close to each other or for the applications in which the load requires more than one solar collector. On the other hand, the passive systems are less expensive and easier to construct and install. They are most suitable for domestic applications and in applications where load demand is low or medium. Generally more research and development work are needed to further improve the existing level of efficiency for it to serve effectively as a viable alternative to the conventional means of hot water generation. The actual field testing experiences, together with the prospects and economic problems that affect popularization of the systems, are also presented. Their possible solutions are suggested.
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42.79.Ek Solar collectors and concentrators
88.40.mg Active space/water heating
88.40.mj Passive space/water heating
88.05.-b Energy analysis

Comparative analysis of photovoltaic and thermoelectric panels for powering isolated homes

L. E. Juanicó and G. F. Rinalde

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 043107 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3180391 (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2009

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A comparative economic analysis between photovoltaic (PV) and thermoelectric (TE) generators used to provide lighting for isolated rural homes is presented. Although panel costs are similar in both cases, appreciable lower generation costs are obtained by TEs. The difference is due to greater availability of the thermal source. In addition, regarding present TE cost reductions, this comparison is much better for TEs. Due to high generation costs, high-efficiency appliances of leading technologies are strongly recommended in all cases.
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84.60.Rb Thermoelectric, electrogasdynamic and other direct energy conversion
88.40.M- Residential and commercial buildings
84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion
88.05.Lg Economic issues; sustainability; cost trends

Assessment of historic trend in mobility and energy use in India transportation sector using bottom-up approach

Nan Zhou and Michael A. McNeil

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 043108 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3156008 (16 pages)

Online Publication Date: 22 July 2009

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Transportation mobility in India has increased significantly in the past decades. From 1970 to 2000, motorized mobility (passenger-kilometer) has risen by 888%, compared to an 88% population growth ( S. K. Singh, India: Implications For Energy Demand and CO2 Emission (Transport Policy, 2006) ). This has contributed to many energy and environmental issues, and an energy strategy that incorporates efficiency improvement and other measures needs to be designed. Unfortunately, existing energy data do not provide information on driving forces behind energy use and sometimes show large inconsistencies. Many previous studies address only a single transportation mode such as passenger road travel, did not include comprehensive data collection or lack analysis or detail on energy demand by each mode and fuel mix. The current study will fill a considerable gap in current efforts, develop a database on all transport modes including passenger air and water and freight in order to facilitate the development of energy scenarios, and assess the significance of technology potential in a global climate change model. An extensive literature review and data collection has been done to establish the database with a breakdown of mobility, intensity, distance, and fuel mix of all transportation modes. Energy consumption was estimated and compared to aggregated transport consumption reported in IEA India transportation energy data. Different scenarios were estimated based on different assumptions of freight road mobility. Based on the bottom-up analysis, we estimated that the energy consumption from 1990 to 2000 increased at an annual growth rate of 7% for the midrange road freight growth case and 12% for the high range road freight growth case corresponding to the scenarios in mobility, while the IEA data only show a 1.7% growth rate in those years.
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89.40.-a Transportation
89.30.-g Fossil fuels and nuclear power
89.60.-k Environmental studies
92.70.Mn Impacts of global change; global warming

New correction factor for the estimation of solar radiation

R. K. Aggarwal

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 043109 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3192749 (6 pages)

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2009

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A new correction factor (CFyear) depending upon the longitude and altitude of a location has been introduced in place of the clearness index (Kt year) used for the estimation of solar irradiation H. Thirty different geographical locations have been taken for comparing the values of Kt year and CFyear. The results show that the values of Kt year and CFyear are in close agreement, having variation within 10%. The estimated values of H for Kt year and CFyear have also been compared using 15 year measured data of 11 Indian cities to establish the accuracy of the CF over Kt. The annual mean percentage error between the estimated and measured values of these locations has been found to be within 10%. The monthwise variation in the estimated values of the 11 Indian cities compared with their measured values also proved the better accuracy of CF than Kt. The study reveals that solar radiation can be estimated using CF without applying any meteorological parameters for the locations having a longitude range of ±70 to ±125.
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02.60.-x Numerical approximation and analysis
92.60.Vb Radiative processes, solar radiation
88.40.-j Solar energy
93.30.Db Asia

Light-induced EPR spectroscopy of charge carriers photoinduced in polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunctions

V. I. Krinichnyi and E. I. Yudanova

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 043110 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3212827 (18 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 25 August 2009

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Composites of conjugated polymers with fullerenes are perspective materials for polymer photovoltaics. Light-induced EPR (LEPR) study of magnetic, relaxation, and dynamic parameters of polaron-fullerene radical pairs photoinduced in fullerene-modified poly(3-alkylthiophenes) is described. Weak interaction between positively charged polaron and negatively charged fullerene ion radical in the pairs allowed to determine separately all their magnetic, relaxation, and dynamics parameters. Paramagnetic susceptibility of charge carriers reflects their activation dynamics and spin exchange in the composite. Decay of long-living polaron and fullerene anion radical depends on a spatial distance between them and the energy of exciting photons. One-dimensional polaron diffusion along the polymer chain and fullerene rotation near its own main molecular axis were shown to follow the activation Elliot hopping model and to be governed by photon energy. The deviation in activation energies for dynamics of charge carriers and the difference in their dependence on the exciting photon energy prove the noninteracting character of charge carriers photoinduced in the polymer/fullerene composite. The dependence of the main magnetic, relaxation, and dynamics parameters of charge carriers on the phonon energy was ascribed to inhomogeneous distribution of polymer and fullerene domains in bulk heterojunctions. This inhomogeneity decreases by the annealing of the composite.
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71.38.-k Polarons and electron-phonon interactions
73.61.Ph Polymers; organic compounds
73.61.Wp Fullerenes and related materials
73.50.Pz Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
76.30.-v Electron paramagnetic resonance and relaxation
78.70.-g Interactions of particles and radiation with matter
82.35.Lr Physical properties of polymers
81.40.Rs Electrical and magnetic properties related to treatment conditions

Heat transfer by free convection inside horizontal elliptic tubes with different axis ratios and different orientation angles

M. Moawed and E. Ibrahim

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 043111 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3207799 (10 pages)

Online Publication Date: 31 August 2009

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Free convection heat transfer from the inside surface of a horizontal elliptic tube of different axis ratios and different orientation angles with a uniformly heated surface is investigated experimentally. The axis ratio is changed from 1.5 to 3.5 and the orientation angle is changed from 0° to 90° with steps of 15°. The experiments covered a range of Rayleigh numbers (Ra) from 6.5×105 to 1.13×108. The local and average heat transfer coefficients and Nusselt number (Nu) are estimated for different axis ratios and different orientation angles at different Rayleigh numbers. The results showed that the surface temperature increases with the increase in axial distance from both ends until a maximum value at the middle of the elliptic tube at a constant heat flux. The surface temperature decreases with the increase in the axis ratio or the orientation angle; consequently the local Nu increase with the increase in the axis ratio or the orientation angle at the same axial distance and Ra. The average Nu increases with the increase in the axis ratio or the orientation angle at the same Ra. The results obtained are correlated by dimensionless groups and with the available data of the horizontal elliptic tube.
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44.25.+f Natural convection
44.15.+a Channel and internal heat flow
88.40.F- Solar concentrators
47.27.te Turbulent convective heat transfer

Solar collector basics

John L. Richter

J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 043112 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3207801 (18 pages)

Online Publication Date: 31 August 2009

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This is a guide for solar collector use. Section 2 shows the effective number of sunlit hours per day at the solstices and equinox captured by several solar collector types: stationary flat, sun tracking flat, east-west parabolic and two-trough concentrators and a north-south, sun tracking, two-trough concentrator. Section 3 introduces the sun direction from the circular orbit earth; it is accurate enough for most applications. Section 4 develops atmospheric attenuation of sunlight. Section 5 puts it all together for the calculated results presented in Sec. 2.
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42.79.Ek Solar collectors and concentrators
88.40.F- Solar concentrators
92.60.Vb Radiative processes, solar radiation
42.68.Ay Propagation, transmission, attenuation, and radiative transfer
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