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Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy / Volume 1 / Issue 4 / REGULAR ARTICLES

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J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1, 043106 (2009); doi:10.1063/1.3167285 (21 pages)

A review of solar water heating systems

N. V. Ogueke1, E. E. Anyanwu1, and O. V. Ekechukwu2

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria
2Director, Research and Innovation, National Universities Commission, Plot 430, Aguiyi Ironsi Street, Maitama, P.M.B. 237, Garki GPO, Abuja, Nigeria

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(Received 27 January 2009; accepted 5 June 2009; published online 17 July 2009)

A review of solar water heating systems for domestic and industrial applications is presented. They are grouped into two broad categories as passive and active solar water heating systems. Each of them operates in either direct or indirect mode. Their performances, uses and applications, and factors considered for their selection are reported. The active systems generally have higher efficiencies, their values being 35%–80% higher than those of the passive systems. They are more complex and expensive. Accordingly, they are most suited for industrial applications where the load demand is quite high or in applications where the collector and service water storage tank need not be close to each other or for the applications in which the load requires more than one solar collector. On the other hand, the passive systems are less expensive and easier to construct and install. They are most suitable for domestic applications and in applications where load demand is low or medium. Generally more research and development work are needed to further improve the existing level of efficiency for it to serve effectively as a viable alternative to the conventional means of hot water generation. The actual field testing experiences, together with the prospects and economic problems that affect popularization of the systems, are also presented. Their possible solutions are suggested.

© 2009 American Institute of Physics

Article Outline

  1. INTRODUCTION
  2. THE PASSIVE SOLAR HOT WATER SYSTEMS
    1. The thermosyphon solar hot water systems
      1. The thermosyphon SHWS using phase change materials (two phase thermosyphon system)
      2. The thermosyphon SHWS without phase change material (single phase thermosyphon system)
    2. The integrated collector storage system
  3. THE ACTIVE SOLAR HOT WATER SYSTEMS
  4. SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEM PROGRESS
  5. PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF SOLAR HOT WATER SYSTEMS
    1. Field experiences
    2. Prospects
    3. Problems
      1. Economic problems
      2. Technical problems
  6. CONCLUSION

RELATED DATABASES

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KEYWORDS and PACS

Keywords

solar absorber-convertors, solar heating, tanks (containers), water storage

PACS

ARTICLE DATA

Permalink
http://link.aip.org/link/doi/10.1063/1.3167285

PUBLICATION DATA

ISSN:

1941-7012 (print)  
1941-7012 (online)

Publisher:

$abstract.society.value is a Member of CrossRef American Institute of Physics

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Figures (20) Tables (3)

Figures (click on thumbnails to view enlargements)

FIG.1
(i) Distribution of domestic hot water usage. (ii) Hot water usage trend.

FIG.1 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.2
Schematic diagram of a typical thermosyphon solar water heater.

FIG.2 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.3
Schematic diagram of the unit studied. Reprinted from Esen and Esen, Sol. Energy, 79, 459 (2005), with permission from Elsevier.

FIG.3 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.4
A typical single phase thermosyphon SHWS.

FIG.4 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.5
The first commercially produced ICS system. Reprinted from Smyth, Eames, and Norton, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 10, 503 (2006), with permission from Elsevier.

FIG.5 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.6
Cross-sectional view of a thermoplastic multiglazed ICS SHWS. Reprinted from Smyth, Eames, and Norton, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 10, 503 (2006), with permission from Elsevier..

FIG.6 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.7
A double vessel concentrating ICS SHWS. Reprinted from Kalogirou, Renewable Energy, 16, 652 (1999), with permission from Elsevier.

FIG.7 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.8
Sectional view of an inverted absorber ICS SHWS. Reprinted from Smyth, McGarrigle, Earnes, and Norton, Sol. Energy, 78, 223 (2005), with permission from Elsevier.

FIG.8 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.9
Sectional diagram of a triangular and rectangular ICS solar water heater. Reprinted from Smyth, Eames, and Norton, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 10, 503 (2006) and Kaushik, Kumar, Garg, and Prakash, Heat Recovery Syst. CHT, 14, 337 (1994), with permission from Elsevier.

FIG.9 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.10
Configurations of ICS solar water heater with two cylindrical tanks.

FIG.10 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.11
Sectional diagram of ICS SHWS using TIM cover system. Reprinted from Reddy and Kaushika, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 58, 431 (1999), with permission from Elsevier.

FIG.11 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.12
ICS SHWS with and without TIM. Reprinted from Chaurasia and Twidell, Sol. Energy, 70, 403 (2001), with permission from Elsevier.

FIG.12 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.13
The mobile solar water heater. Reprinted from Nieuwoudt and Mathews, Build. Environ., 40, 1217 (2005), with permission from Elsevier.

FIG.13 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.14
(a) Artist’s view of the plastic bowl water heater. (b) Cross-sectional view of the SWH. Reprinted from Hussain and Urmee, 1996, with permission from the World Renewable Congress (WREC).

FIG.14 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.15
Schematic diagram of a constant delivery SHW. Reprinted from Kumar and Kumar, Energy Convers. Manage., 38, 61 (1997), with permission from Elsevier.

FIG.15 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.16
Diagram of the cylindrical solar water heater. Reprinted from Al-Madani, Renewable Energy, 31, 1751 (2006), with permission from Elsevier.

FIG.16 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.17
Schematic diagram of a forced circulation solar water heater. Reprinted from Wongsuwan and Kumar, Int. J. Sustainable Energy, 3, 125 (1986), with permission from Taylor & Francis Group.

FIG.17 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.18
Energy consumption by the various sectors in Vietnam.

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FIG.19
Contributions of energy forms in a typical household in Hochiminh.

FIG.19 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.20
Energy consumption by different sectors in a household.

FIG.20 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

Tables

Table I. Performance characteristics of the SHWS studied (Ref. 41).

View Table
Table II. Installed solar water collector areas in Europe.

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Table III. Breakdown of hot water potentials in different sectors of the Nigeria economy.

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