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Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy / Volume 3 / Issue 4 / REGULAR ARTICLES

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J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 3, 043101 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3599839 (12 pages)

An integrated energy storage scheme for a dispatchable solar and wind powered energy system a

a Contributed paper, published as part of the Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation, and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems, Lausanne, Switzerland, June 2010.
Jared B. Garrison1 and Michael E. Webber2

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA

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(Received 6 December 2010; accepted 18 May 2011; published online 5 July 2011)

This research analyzed an integrated energy system that includes a novel configuration of wind and solar coupled with two storage methods to make both wind and solar sources dispatchable during peak demand, thereby enabling their broader use. Named DSWiSS for Dispatchable Solar and Wind Storage System, the proposed system utilizes compressed air energy storage (CAES) that is driven from wind energy and thermal storage supplied by concentrating solar thermal power (CSP) in order to achieve firm power from intermittent, renewable sources. Although DSWiSS mimics the operation of a typical CAES facility, the replacement of energy derived from fossil fuels with energy generated from renewable resources makes this system unique. West Texas is a useful geographical testbed for this system because it has abundant co-located wind and solar resources; it has competitive electricity markets, which give producers an economic incentive to store night-time wind energy in order to be sold during peak price times; and it has a significant number of locations with geological formations suitable for CAES. Through a thermodynamic and a levelized lifetime cost analysis, the power system performance and the cost of energy are estimated for this integrated wind-solar-storage system. We calculate that the combination of these components yields an energy efficiency of 46% for the CAES main power block, and the overall system cost is only slightly more expensive per unit of electricity generated than the current technologies employed today.

© 2011 American Institute of Physics

Article Outline

  1. INTRODUCTION
  2. COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY STORAGE AND THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
    1. Description of conventional CAES
    2. Description of thermal storage
  3. DESCRIPTION OF THE INTEGRATED SYSTEM
  4. THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS
    1. McIntosh CAES facility data and assumptions
    2. Creation of a thermodynamic property calculator
    3. Component details
      1. Compression subsystem
      2. Turbine generator subsystem
      3. Air storage cavern
      4. Solar thermal and thermal storage subsystem
      5. Component summary and state table
    4. Cycle analysis
    5. Assuming rated output capacity and generation time window
  5. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE DSWISS POWER SYSTEM
    1. Comparison to other generation technologies
  6. CONCLUSIONS

RELATED DATABASES

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KEYWORDS and PACS

Keywords

compressed air energy storage, fossil fuels, power markets, solar power, thermal energy storage, wind power

PACS

ARTICLE DATA

Digital Object Identifier
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3599839

PUBLICATION DATA

ISSN

1941-7012 (online)

Publisher

$abstract.society.value is a Member of CrossRef American Institute of Physics

  1. H. Lund, Energy 35(10), 4003 (2010).
  2. EIA, “Annual Energy Review 2008,” Technical Report No. DOE/EIA-0384 (U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington DC, 2009).
  3. See http://www.awea.org/projects/Projects.aspx?s=Texas/ for “AWEA, U.S. Wind Energy Projects—Texas, February 10, 2008.
  4. Comptroller, “The Energy Report 2008,” (Office of the Texas Comptroller, Austin, Texas, 2008).
  5. M. Kapner, “Dispatchable Hybrid Wind/Solar Power Plant,” (Austin Energy, Austin, 2008).
  6. AEI, Wind Data for Tall Tower South (Sweetwater) (Alternative Energy Institute, West Texas A&M University, 2007).
  7. G. Vliet, Texas Solar Radiation Database (The University of Texas at Austin, Texas, 2009).
  8. D. M. Wogan, M. Webber, and A. K. da Silva, J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 2(5), 053107 (2010)JRSEBH000002000005053107000001.
  9. BINE, “Compressed Air Energy Storage Power Plants,” (2007).
  10. R. B. Schainker and M. Nakhamkin, “Compressed Air Energy Storage (Caes): Overview, Performance and Cost Data for 25 MW to 220 MW Plants,” (IEEE Power Engineering Society, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1985).
  11. RIDGE, “The Economic Impact of Caes on Wind in Tx, Ok, and Nm,” (Texas State Energy Conservation Office, Ridge Energy Storage and Grid Services, Houston, Texas, 2005).
  12. EERE, “Concentrating Solar Power: Energy from Mirrors,” (U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 2001).
  13. M. Nakhamkin, L. Andersson, E. Swensen, J. Howard, R. Meyer, R. Schainker, R. Pollak, and B. Mehta, J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power 114, 695 (1992)JETPEZ000114000004000695000001.
  14. H. Lund, G. Salgi, B. Elmegaard, and A. N. Andersen, Appl. Therm. Eng. 29(5-6), 799 (2009).
  15. P. P. Walsh and P. Fletcher, Gas Turbine Performance (Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 2004).
  16. P. S. Schmidt, O. A. Ezekoye, J. R. Howell, and D. K. Baker, Thermodynamics an Integrated Learning System (Wiley, New York, 2006).
  17. EERE, “Annual Report on U.S. Wind Power Installation, Cost, and Performance Trends: 2007,” (U.S. Department of Energy, Washington D.C., 2008).
  18. Sargent and Lundy, “Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance Forecasts,” Technical Report No. NREL/SR-550-34440 (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Sargent and Lundy LLC Consulting Group, Chicago, Illinois, 2003).
  19. LCRA, “Study of Electric Transmission in Conjunction with Energy Storage Technology,” (Texas State Energy Conservation Office, Lower Colorado River Authority, Austin, Texas, 2003).
  20. EPRI, “Program on Technology Innovation: Integrated Generation Technology Options,” (Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, 2008).
  21. H. Lund and G. Salgi, Energy Convers. Manage. 50(5), 1172 (2009).

Figures (6) Tables (7)

Figures (click on thumbnails to view enlargements)

FIG.1
The profiles of typical wind velocities, solar radiation, and ERCOT load in West Texas have important differences. Wind is out of phase with demand, while solar availability tracks demand more closely.

FIG.1 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.2
CAES mimics a typical natural gas power cycle with the addition of an air storage cavern and the decoupling of the compressor and turbine.

FIG.2 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.3
A solar thermal and thermal storage system replaces the natural gas combustor © and electricity is supplied by wind turbines in order to turn the typical CAES plant into DSWiSS (LP = low pressure, IP = intermediate pressure, HP = high pressure). States 1 through 17 are indicated.13

FIG.3 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.4
The power system energy inflows and outflows (marked on this diagram) are needed to calculate the power generation efficiency.

FIG.4 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.5
Conceptual T-s (temperature-entropy) diagram of the DSWiSS cycle illustrates the complexity of the turbomachinery.

FIG.5 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.6
LCOE for DSWiSS is competitive with that of current generation technologies.17 , 18 , 20 However, this LCOE does not include any of the available tax credits or any carbon costs.

FIG.6 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

Tables

Table I. These data, taken from the McIntosh CAES facility, are used for the thermodynamic simulation of DSWiSS (Ref. 13).

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Table II. These specific assumptions are necessary for the simulation of the power system and were not available from McIntosh data.

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Table III. Summary of power system components inlet and outlet states and associated equations. (ω = specific work, q = specific heat transfer).

View Table
Table IV. The results show that DSWiSS must use both wind and solar resources.

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Table V. Steady state and daily output parameters.

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Table VI. Selecting the CAPEX and OPEX costs allows for the calculation of the LCOE (Refs. 11, 17,18,19).

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Table VII. Estimated LCOE for the DSWiSS using two different solar thermal technologies.

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